![]() ![]() ![]() In this article, we describe the molecular mechanistic role of taurine in various neurological disorders, mainly focusing on recent advances from pharmacological perspectives. It protected against retinoic acid-mediated neural tube defects in a mouse model and ameliorated hyperactive behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In addition, recent studies have shown the pharmacological potential of taurine against neurodevelopmental disorders. It reduced oxidative stress-induced neuropathy in a diabetic mouse model by activating antioxidative defense signals. Molecular investigations have shown that it may be a neuroprotectant against stroke. In nervous system disorders, taurine has a broader role, showing protective activity against toxicity in different neurodegenerative disease models for Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, , ]. It protects against various diseases and disorders in different organ systems such as the integumentary, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, skeletal, circulatory and endocrine systems, ,, ,, , ]. As a potential pharmacological agent, its role against oxidative stress and inflammation has been investigated by different studies. It is commonly included in infant formula and parenteral solutions. For newborn humans, colostrum is essential for developing the retina and brain, which contain a high concentration of taurine. It is a crucial factor in various processes such as brain development, optical and immune systems, osmotic regulation, reproduction, stabilization of membranes, cardiac muscle regulation and inflammation. Taurine is chiefly produced in the liver and kidney however, it has been found in most other cells and tissues, including the brain, retina, heart, placenta, leukocytes and muscle. It plays a crucial role in the developmental processes, , ]. Taurine was first revealed as a constituent of ox bile in 1827 and is a sulfur-containing semi-essential amino acid available in mammals. This article also addresses the neuropharmacological potential of taurine analogs. Herein, we present an overview on the therapeutic potential of taurine against neurological disorders and highlight clinical studies and its molecular mechanistic roles. Considering current biopharmaceutical limitations, developing novel delivery approaches and new derivatives and precursors of taurine may be an attractive option for treating neurological disorders. Several findings demonstrate its therapeutic role against neurodevelopmental disorders, including Angelman syndrome, Fragile X syndrome, sleep-wake disorders, neural tube defects and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In addition, taurine displays potential ameliorating effects against different neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, epilepsy and diabetic neuropathy and protects against injuries and toxicities of the nervous system. Different cellular processes such as energy metabolism, gene expression, osmosis and quality control of protein are regulated by taurine. Taurine also modulates ER stress, Ca 2+ homeostasis and neuronal activity at the molecular level as part of its broader roles. In the several disease models, it attenuates inflammation- and oxidative stress-mediated injuries. It presents in different organs, including retina, brain, heart and placenta and demonstrates extensive physiological activities within the body. ![]() Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid and known as semi-essential in mammals and is produced chiefly by the liver and kidney.
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